DO NOT ATTEMPT starting the engine again until the bracket is in place. It can break the block leaving you with a huge paper weight in the shape of an engine.
DO NOT USE STARTING FLUID!!!
It sounds to me like you have an issue with glowplug circuit. White smoke can be unburned fuel, coolant in the cylinders, small amount of oil in cylinders, etc. The way to know is smell the smoke, I expect by your description is- it will smell like diesel fuel.
This is common time of year people experience the issue. Use a volt meter and measure that you are getting 12volts to each of the 8 glowplugs when the “wait to start” light is on. It should be on constant for 5-8 seconds depending how cold it is where you are.
A bad starter could just have been really old starter or could be a clue it was getting over worked by hard starting.
You can remove and bench test the glowplugs. There are written ohms tests for checking glow plugs, but I have found plugs that pass the test, yet fail to work properly. Or, just buy a new set. Only get AC Delco 60G plugs. I suggest getting them from a local brick and mortar authorized seller because there is knock off ones out there. The extra $10 you spend is worth it imo. Remember to put a little antisieze on the threads of the new ones (or your working tested ones) going in. Test vs just replace is money vs time you choose to spend. A new to me truck- I would start out with new.
If you test for voltage and dont get any at some or all of the plugs- post that here and we can walk you through fixin it.
Btw welcome to the forum and Merry Christmas.