To give everyone an update... My truck is back on the road!
I received a new GM pitman arm from mreeves23 on Diesel Place yesterday in the mail. Today, my dad, Devin (83gmck2500), and I put the truck back together. We installed the new pitman arm on the steering box, put the steering box in the truck, and hooked everything back up. After the box was in, we checked all the bolts and fittings for being tight and then started the truck up to check for leaks. No leaks and time for a test drive... everything is back to working condition.
I left the idler arm brace in the truck because there was no damage to it, but that pitman arm brace was beyond saving... so it's in a box of broken truck pats with my mangled tie rod now.
In the next couple days I'm going to have a friend take my pitman arm to a Material Science Engineer on campus to see what may have caused this problem. When I get the results I'll post what he said.