1st off, you have NO idea how lucky you are. Forget the glow plugs and your engine, the LBZ/LMM both use a nice high output grid heater mounted right next to a plastic intercooler pipe and a plastic end tank on your intercooler. You could have had a SERIOUS BOOM in the front passenger side of your engine compartment had the grid heater kicked on with starting fluid present in the intake system. 2nd, there is no electric lift pump on a duramax up to 2016(unless you count the vans which used an electric primer pump that only runs for about 30 seconds when you turn the key on), they do have a gear driven pump on the end of the high pressure pump to supply fuel at factory power levels. An electric lift pump is not a bad idea, but is not required, and is by NO means a repair for ANY problem except to help hold rail pressure on bigger tunes. If you have an air leak letting air into the fuel system, a lift pump install will not stop it from losing prime when it sits, and will leave you with a nice fuel leak once the system is under pressure.
As to your codes, I don't see any that would stop it from running. P0113 is for the intake air temp sensor. P0675, P0676, P0677, and P0678 are all glow plug codes(P067 and the last digit is for the glow plug that is bad), P0102 is for low airflow into the engine(or is a common code if it has been flashed by EFILIVE with a DSP5 OS, in which case you CANNOT get rid of it), P0533 is for an A/C pressure sensor input switch, but I cannot find anything for the P0166c(should only be a P followed by 4 characters). If it was a P166c, then that explains why you didn't go boom with the starting fluid as that is an intake grid heater code.
As to your problems, you need to find out if it is air getting into the system or what is happening. You at least need to get a scanner to monitor rail pressure(actual VS desired), but one to watch missed cam and crank sensor counts would also help out. We really don't have much to go on with your code list.
AND DO NOT EVER USE STARTING FLUID IN A DIESEL WITH GLOW PLUGS AND/OR A INTAKE GRID HEATER!
You dodged a HUGE bullet. Best case scenario you blow the tips off your glow plugs, more likely scenario you blow some glow plug tips off, lodge them in a valve or lunch a piston, and now you're doing engine work, or you blow the truck up in a HUGE fireball when the intake piping blows off and something ignites under the hood with it. GM put those warning labels there for a reason, not just a precaution.